In July 2026 Yageo raised prices across its capacitor lines by roughly 50 percent — the broadest single increase the passive components market had seen in years. It was not an isolated move. MLCC lead times have stretched toward ten months on AI server demand, aluminium electrolytic prices are climbing on data-center consumption, and market trackers now put the average capacitor price increase for 2026 at around 30 percent. If you buy capacitors in volume, the question is no longer whether prices will rise, but how to keep your bill of materials and your margins intact.

This is the first article in our series on the AI-driven capacitor price cycle. The next two cover how to select and lock in orders during a rising market, and how to weigh substitute and domestic alternatives.

What Changed in the Capacitor Market in 2026

For most of the past decade, capacitors were a buyer’s market. Distributors held stock, prices drifted down, and a design engineer could swap a part without a second thought. That has reversed in a single cycle.

The pattern is the one that hit semiconductors in 2021: a demand shock from a single end market, a supply base that cannot add capacity quickly, and a spot market that amplifies the gap. Passive components take longer to expand than most buyers assume. Ceramic powder, aluminium foil and film lines are capital-intensive, and a new line has to be qualified before it ships a production part.

The Three Forces Driving the Capacitor Price Increase

AI servers rewrote the demand curve

A single AI server board carries far more capacitors than a conventional server board. High-power GPU rails need dense MLCC arrays to hold voltage ripple at hundreds of amps, the 48 V intermediate bus needs bulk electrolytics and polymer parts, and the hold-up circuit adds more on top. Multiply that by the build-out of AI data centers and you get a demand step the passive components industry did not size for. AI server power demand is the single biggest driver behind the current increase.

Capacity moved to high-value parts

When demand outruns supply, manufacturers do the rational thing: they prioritise the parts with the best margin. Automotive-grade and high-reliability MLCCs, long-life aluminium electrolytics, and specialty film parts get the capacity, while commodity grades are squeezed. Buyers of standard parts then face the worst of both worlds — higher prices and longer waits, with no design change to show for it.

Lead times, allocation, and the spot market

As lead times extend, allocation appears. Once a supplier starts allocating, buyers who did not forecast early get partial shipments, and the shortfall is filled on the spot market at a premium. That premium then feeds back into contract negotiations. MLCC lead times approaching ten months mean a part ordered today may not arrive until next year, which pushes buyers to order earlier than they need — and early ordering itself tightens supply further.

Which Capacitor Types Are Rising Fastest

Not every type moves together. MLCC is where the shortage is sharpest. Aluminium electrolytic is being pulled up by the same AI data-center demand. Film is firmer but less acute. Supercapacitors are still a smaller market with their own supply constraints. If your BOM is heavy in MLCC, you are exposed to the fastest-moving part of the increase, and that is where procurement attention pays off first.

How to Protect Your BOM in a Rising Market

A price increase is a procurement problem before it becomes an engineering problem. The buyers who come through a rising market well are the ones who act before allocation starts.

Forecast further out and commit earlier. Extend your demand forecast from a quarter to two or three quarters and share it with your supplier. Suppliers allocate to the customers who give them visibility. A forecast is not a purchase order, but in a shortage it is the currency of allocation.

Qualify a second source before you need it. A second source is worth little if you start qualifying it during a shortage. Begin now, on the parts with the longest lead times, and keep the qualification live.

Re-examine your specifications. Over-specified parts are the easiest place to find cost. If a design carries an automotive-grade MLCC where a standard grade would do, or a 125°C part where 105°C is enough, that specification is paying the shortage premium for no benefit. Our guide to selecting capacitors for AI server power stages walks through matching the part to the rail rather than to habit.

Use the right type for the rail. Part of the pressure on MLCC comes from designs that use ceramics where an electrolytic or a polymer part would work. Revisiting the choice between multilayer ceramic capacitors and aluminum electrolytic capacitors can move a BOM off the tightest part of the market.

Build a small buffer deliberately. A modest safety stock on your longest-lead parts is cheaper than a line stop. Size it from real lead-time risk rather than hoarding, and review it monthly while allocation is in force.

What This Means for Long-Term Sourcing

The 2026 increase is unlikely to be a one-quarter event. AI data-center build-out is a multi-year trend, and the passive components capacity needed to serve it takes years to come online. Even as new capacity arrives, prices rarely return to where they started; they settle at a new level.

That changes what a good supplier looks like. Price still matters, but so does allocation history, willingness to hold buffer stock on your behalf, and the ability to offer a genuine substitute when a part is short. A supplier who can move you from a constrained MLCC to a qualified alternative, or from a premium part to a correctly specified one, is worth more in a rising market than a supplier with a lower list price and no stock.

Xuansn has supplied capacitors through previous shortage cycles, and we quote against the actual specification and volume you need rather than a catalogue headline. Send us your BOM and target price and we will confirm availability, lead time, and a substitute where one exists.

FAQ: Common Questions About the 2026 Capacitor Price Increase

Will capacitor prices fall again in 2026 or 2027?

Some grades may ease as new capacity comes online, but a return to 2024 pricing is unlikely while AI data-center demand keeps growing. Expect prices to plateau at a higher level rather than fall back to where they were.

Why are MLCC prices rising faster than aluminum electrolytic?

MLCC sits closest to the AI server demand shock and has the longest lead times, so it moved first and hardest. Aluminium electrolytics are being pulled up by the same data-center demand and by aluminium foil supply, but the shortage is less acute.

Should I lock in a full year of supply now?

Locking volume on your longest-lead and highest-exposure parts usually pays for itself. Locking everything for a year can leave you holding stock you cannot use if demand softens. Commit where the lead-time risk is real, and stay flexible elsewhere.

Can I substitute one capacitor type for another to control cost?

Often yes, but only after checking the electrical and thermal requirements. Moving from MLCC to a polymer or aluminium electrolytic part is sometimes viable on bulk rails, while a timing or RF circuit may not tolerate the change. Qualify any substitute on the bench before it reaches production.

Sourcing capacitors through a shortage cycle? Xuansn Capacitor manufactures aluminum electrolytic, film and supercapacitor parts – our engineers will reply within 24 hours with feasibility and a quote.

✉ coco@xuanxcapacitors.com | ☎ +86-769-8166 8821 | Send your specification

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Global data centres are on track to consume 565 TWh of electricity in 2026 – a 26% jump in a single year, according to Gartner’s June 2026 forecast. The driver is not general internet traffic. It is AI-optimized servers, whose electricity use is growing faster than the power industry has ever seen.

If you design or buy power components, this is not a distant trend. It is already changing what gets specified today.

How Much Power Do AI Servers Really Consume?

• • AI-optimized servers consumed about 95 TWh in 2025 and are forecast to reach 175 TWh in 2026 – roughly 84% growth in one year.
  • They will account for about 31% of total data-centre power consumption in 2026, up from ~20% in 2025.
  • By 2027, AI-optimized server consumption is projected to hit 258 TWh, overtaking conventional servers for the first time.
  • Gartner warns that grid supply will be insufficient once consumption passes 1,200 TWh by 2030 – power availability is now a binding constraint on AI expansion.

What This Means for Power-Supply Design

More power means higher current, tighter efficiency targets and denser racks. The power stages that feed AI accelerators – from the PSU down to the VRM on the motherboard – are pushing every component to its limit:

• Higher ripple current heats the capacitor – lifetime shrinks fast.
• Higher switching frequency calls for lower ESR.
• Tighter rails allow less voltage deviation under load steps.

The capacitor, often the quietest part in a power supply, is increasingly the bottleneck.

What Should You Specify for AI-Era Power Supplies?

For procurement and design teams, the practical consequences are clear:

• Demand for high-reliability, high-ripple-rated parts is growing with the market.
• The spec sheet is getting stricter – ripple current, ESR and lifetime at temperature now matter more than raw capacitance.
• Component supply security matters as much as spec – AI programs move fast, and a manufacturer that can supply at volume and customize where needed is a real advantage. Xuansn Capacitor is one such producer, manufacturing aluminum electrolytic and supercapacitor parts at scale.

Common Questions About AI Server Power and Capacitors

What capacitors are used in AI server power supplies?

AI server power stages typically combine aluminum electrolytic capacitors for bulk energy storage and hold-up at 48 V and 800 V, polymer capacitors for low ESR on tight rails, film capacitors for DC-link duty, and MLCCs for high-frequency decoupling. Supercapacitors also appear in backup and peak-shaving roles at the rack level, and feedthrough capacitors keep EMI off the power entry.

Why does ripple current matter for AI power supplies?

Ripple current heats a capacitor from the inside. AI accelerators draw more current than previous generations, so ripple current rises and the capacitor must be rated to handle it without overheating, or its lifetime collapses.

How do I choose capacitors for AI server power stages?

Check ripple current rating at your switching frequency, ESR at that frequency, and lifetime derated to your real ambient temperature. Our capacitor types guide walks through the comparison. Raw capacitance alone will not tell you whether the part survives in a dense AI rack.

What to read next:

1. How capacitors behave in a switching power supply (next up).
2. Which capacitor types fit AI server power stages – electrolytic, film, ceramic, super.
3. How to choose and source them – the parameters that matter.

If you are specifying power components right now, the next article is worth your time.

Sources: Gartner Press Release, June 2026 – Data Center Electricity Consumption to Grow 26% in 2026. Gartner – AI servers to consume more power than all conventional data center hardware combined by 2027.

Sourcing capacitors for AI-era power designs? Our engineers will reply within 24 hours with feasibility and a quote.

✉ coco@xuanxcapacitors.com | ☎ +86-769-8166 8821 | Send your specification

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It is one of the most common markings found on capacitors, alongside values like nF, pF, and MFD. If you’ve ever seen labels such as 10uF, 100uF, or MFD, understanding these markings is essential for selecting the right component and ensuring proper circuit performance.

What Is uF in a Capacitor?

uF (microfarad) is a unit of capacitance that indicates how much electrical charge a capacitor can store.

In simple terms, if you are asking what is uF in a capacitor, it refers to the capacitor’s ability to store and release electrical energy.

• 1 uF (microfarad) = 1 × 10⁻⁶ farads

It represents a relatively large capacitance value in most electronic circuits

Capacitance determines how much energy a capacitor can temporarily store and release when voltage is applied.

Why uF Is Important in Capacitors

Understanding what is uF in capacitor is important because the capacitance value directly affects circuit performance.

A capacitor’s uF value influences:

• Power supply filtering → stabilizes voltage and reduces ripple
• Energy storage → provides short bursts of current when needed
• Signal smoothing → reduces noise and improves signal quality

👉 In general:
Higher uF values provide stronger filtering and energy storage capability.

Capacitor Unit Conversion (uF, nF, pF)

Capacitors use different units depending on their capacitance value. Understanding capacitor unit conversion is essential when selecting or replacing components in electronic circuits.

Capacitance Units Explained

The three most common units are:

👉 In simple terms:
uF > nF > pF, with each step differing by a factor of 1000.

uF vs nF vs pF Conversion

1 μF = 10³ nF = 10⁶ pF

This means:

• 1 uF = 1000 nF
• 1 nF = 1000 pF
• 1 uF = 1,000,000 pF

👉 This relationship is commonly searched as uf nf pf conversion.

Practical Conversion Examples

Here are some real-world examples to help you understand:

• 0.1uF = 100nF = 100,000pF
• 1nF = 0.001uF
• 470pF = 0.47nF

These conversions are frequently used when reading datasheets or replacing capacitors. When you need to match a replacement or pick the right type for your board, compare options in our complete guide to capacitor types and how to choose.

Capacitor Value Chart (Quick Reference)

Engineers often rely on a capacitor value chart to quickly convert and compare values across different units.

For example:

👉 Using a capacitor value chart can reduce errors and speed up component selection.

What Does MFD Mean on a Capacitor?

If you come across the marking MFD on a capacitor, especially in older equipment, you might wonder: what does MFD mean?

👉 MFD stands for microfarad, which is the same unit as uF.

In other words:

1 MFD = 1 uF (microfarad)

There is no difference in value, only a difference in labeling style.

Why Do Some Capacitors Use MFD?

The term MFD comes from older manufacturing conventions.

In the past, the Greek symbol “µ” (micro) was not easy to print on components, so manufacturers used MFD as a replacement.

Today:

• uF is the modern standard
• MFD is mostly found in legacy systems

Where You’ll See MFD Markings

You are most likely to encounter MFD in:

• HVAC systems (air conditioners, compressors)
• Motor start/run capacitors
• Vintage electronic equipment

👉 Understanding what does MFD mean on a capacitor is important when replacing older components with modern equivalents.

MFD vs uF: Are They the Same?

👉 Always treat MFD and uF as interchangeable units when selecting a capacitor.

How to Read Capacitor Values

Capacitor values indicate the capacitance, voltage rating, and tolerance of a capacitor, and understanding how to read capacitor values is essential for selecting the correct component and avoiding circuit errors.

Capacitor values are displayed using either direct markings or coded systems, depending on the size and type of the capacitor.

1. Direct Marking on Capacitors

Direct marking is the simplest way to read capacitor values, commonly found on larger capacitors such as electrolytic types.

Examples:

• 10uF 400V
• 100uF 50V

👉 Meaning:

uF (microfarad) = capacitance value
V (volts) = maximum voltage rating

 Tip:
Always choose a capacitor with a voltage rating higher than the actual circuit voltage to ensure safe operation.

2. Capacitor Code Meaning (3-Digit System)

The 3-digit code system is a standard method used to represent capacitor values on small components, especially ceramic capacitors.

This is a key part of understanding capacitor code meaning.

Examples:

• 104 = 10 × 10⁴ pF = 100,000 pF = 100nF
• 103 = 10 × 10³ pF = 10nF

How the 3-Digit Code Works

• First two digits → significant figures
• Third digit → multiplier (number of zeros, in pF)

👉 This system is widely used in compact capacitors where space is limited.

3. Capacitor Markings Explained (Tolerance & Voltage)

Capacitor markings often include additional specifications beyond capacitance, which are critical for proper component selection.

Common markings include:

• Tolerance → ±5%, ±10%, ±20%
• Voltage rating → 16V, 25V, 50V
• Temperature characteristics → X7R, C0G

👉 These specifications are part of capacitor markings explained and directly impact performance and reliability.

4. Common Mistakes When Reading Capacitor Values

Misinterpreting capacitor values is a common issue for beginners and can lead to circuit failure.

Typical mistakes include:

• Confusing pF, nF, and uF units
• Misreading 3-digit capacitor codes
• Ignoring voltage ratings
• Assuming all capacitors are polarized

👉 Avoiding these mistakes improves circuit stability and component lifespan.

Quick Answer: How to Read Capacitor Values

Capacitor values are read from printed markings or codes, where uF indicates capacitance, voltage shows maximum rating, and 3-digit codes represent values in pF.

Quick Reference (Capacitor Value Identification)

• 104 → 100nF
• 103 → 10nF
• 1uF = 1000nF
• 0.1uF = 100nF

👉 This quick reference is useful for fast identification in real-world applications.

Do Capacitors Have Polarity?

Some capacitors are polarized, while others are non-polarized.

• Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and must be connected correctly
• Ceramic and film capacitors are non-polarized and can be used in either direction

👉 Understanding capacitor polarity is important to avoid circuit damage.

For a detailed explanation, including how to identify positive and negative terminals, read our full guide on capacitor polarity.

How to Choose the Right uF Value

The uF value you need depends on what the capacitor is doing. As a common rule of thumb, 0.1uF is often used for decoupling and noise bypass, 10uF-100uF for power supply filtering, and 470uF and above for bulk energy storage in rectifiers and motor circuits. Always pick a voltage rating higher than your circuit voltage.

For a full step-by-step on matching capacitance, voltage and ESR to your application, read our how to choose aluminum electrolytic capacitors selection guide.

Conclusion

Understanding what uF mean on a capacitor and how it relates to nF, pF, and MFD is essential for selecting the right component in any electronic circuit.

By mastering capacitor values, unit conversion, and markings, you can avoid common mistakes and ensure reliable circuit performance.

If you are working on high-frequency or EMI-sensitive applications, choosing the right capacitor type is equally important. Explore our feedthrough capacitor solutions for stable and efficient EMI filtering performance.

Need the Right Capacitor for Your Circuit?

Standard values like 0.1uF, 10uF, 100uF and custom specifications are all available from Xuansn. Send us your requirements for a fast quote.

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The control system is part of the welding robot structure, which is equivalent to the reaction speed of a skilled welding worker. It can easily weld weldments with complex structures. Just like the human brain, it is a more important structure.

The role of the welding robot control system:

1. The control system has input and output functions. Most welding robots use offline programming. The technicians pre-write the welding program, and then input the welding program into the control system. The control system intelligently recognizes the welding seam specifications through sensors, selects the appropriate welding parameters, and delegates the appropriate welding materials to fill the welds. The weld is beautiful and firm.

2. Position control of solder joints. The control system drives the actuator to make the robotic arm move along the welding path. After this series of actions are completed, it will be saved in memory. The next time the workpiece is welded, it can be called up, and the welding point can be controlled to improve the welding accuracy. Degree to improve welding accuracy.

3. Intelligent decentralization of welding consumables. Traditional welding is performed manually based on experience, and the welding quality is uneven. The welding robot’s control system can automatically identify the weld specifications, and according to the programmed parameters, the just right welding material price is lowered to fill the welds, which ensures that the welds are beautiful. On the basis of saving welding materials, reduce the material cost of the enterprise.

4. Connect with auxiliary equipment. There are multiple interfaces in the control cabinet, which can be connected to auxiliary equipment, and the auxiliary equipment program is added together with the welding program, so that the auxiliary equipment can cooperate with the welding robot to improve the flexibility of automatic welding, extend the welding path, and greatly improve the welding Efficiency, stable quality.

5. Control the coordinated movement of various agencies. The welding robot has input/output functions, can input programming data, and perform welding on the workpiece through teaching and reproduction. The coordinated movement of each axis can increase the welding speed and stabilize the welding quality. The control system can be said to be the noisy part of the human body, which is welding. An important part of the robot.

In addition, the control system also stores the welding program to a certain extent. When welding similar workpieces, it will automatically call the program, but the operator needs to save the welding program regularly to prevent data loss and loss.

The above is the function of the welding robot control system. In the welding operation, the welding task of the workpiece is completed by issuing instructions and cooperating with each joint, so as to stabilize the welding quality and improve the welding efficiency.

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The dual-tone multi-frequency signal decoding circuit is an integrated circuit widely used in key telephones (fixed phones, mobile phones), program-controlled switches, and wireless communication equipment.

1. Dual audio decoding electronic circuit

2. Pin 3 receives the dual-tone multi-frequency pulse signal from the phone. The dual-tone multi-frequency signal is first passed through its internal dial tone filter to filter out the dial tone signal, and then pre-amplified and sent to the dual tone filter. Separate the dual audio signal according to the high and low audio signals, and then send it to the output decoding circuit through the high and low group filters and amplitude detectors. After digital calculation, the corresponding output is output at the data output terminal (pin 11 to 14) Of 8421 yards.

The data output terminals Q4~Q1 of MT8870 are connected to the single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer recognizes the 4-bit code. Telephone buttons and corresponding decoding (Q4~Q1) output. R/P, REDIAL, HOLD, HANDSFREE and other functions are used. In order to make the one-chip computer obtain effective data in time, the effective end of CLD of MT8870 is connected to the INT0 pin of CPU after inversion. When the MT8870 obtains a valid dual-tone multi-frequency signal, the CLD level changes from low to high, and then inverts to low. After the CPU detects it, it instructs the input port to receive a valid binary code.

2, TDA2822 dual-channel power amplifier circuit

R1 and R2 are input bias resistors, C1 and C2 are grounding capacitors at the negative feedback terminal, C6 and C7 are output coupling capacitors, R3, C4 and R4, and C5 are high-order harmonic suppression circuits to prevent circuit oscillation.

3. Audio amplifier processing circuit

A bistable circuit means that the circuit has two stable states. When there is no signal to trigger, the circuit always maintains a certain stable state. When a signal is triggered, the circuit will jump to another stable state and keep it until a signal is triggered again. . If you don’t understand the bistable circuit, it is recommended to consult more information and get familiar with the bistable circuit first.

The above picture is a bistable circuit composed of transistors Q3 and Q4. The initial state of the circuit can be seen when power is on: Q3 is saturated and turned on first, and the base of Q4 is pulled low, so Q4 is off, and the LED indicator does not light; When the signal is triggered, Q3 is cut off and Q4 is on, so the LED light is on.

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In the two major areas of intelligent driving and 5G, the wave of material innovation brought about by new demands has begun in an all-round way. As a global leader in the field of engineering plastics, SABIC has made outstanding achievements in the 5G material industry and the material fields of electric vehicles and smart cars.

“5G is combined with automobiles, the first to promote intelligent driving. In the field of EV cars, ADAS is an important part of intelligent driving. Automotive OEMs and suppliers at all levels are constantly looking for high-performance materials to optimize current millimeter-wave radar units. SABIC The LNP material has excellent dielectric properties and is widely used in millimeter-wave radar housings, especially millimeter-wave radar front covers below 77GHz.

NORYL resin products are widely used in electric vehicle batteries. The dielectric product series of LNP modified materials have ultra-high DK and ultra-low Df, which can replace ceramics and are widely used in GNSS and RTK antenna devices. Zou Yan, senior product manager of SABIC LNP and NORYL Asia Pacific, told reporters.

As the world’s fastest-growing market for new energy vehicles, China has continuously increased the deployment of charging piles. As of April, there were 851,000 public charging piles, of which 355,000 were DC charging piles and 495,000 were AC charging piles. This year Many international car companies such as BMW and Tesla have increased their efforts to establish charging piles in China. In the field of charging piles, SABIC’s NORYL materials, copolymerized PC resins and LNP modified materials can be widely used in plugs and connectors on charging piles, and key housings in automobiles.

At the exhibition site, the author saw a display of 5G base station cavity filters. “5G base stations have more and more urgent requirements for weight reduction of components such as cavity filters. Last year, high-frequency filters such as 3.5G Massive MIMO filters were very small. The higher the frequency, the smaller the size of the product. Last year we provided cavity filters. Volume filters, micro-cavity filters, the 700-megaband filter cavity will be much larger this year. The micro-cavity filter will be displayed at the booth today. SABIC PEI materials can be used for similar applications, and larger sizes can be made.” Zhu Jinghui, senior market development manager of SABIC’s special materials department, explained the weight reduction trend of the device.

In the 5G material industry, SABIC invested money in the development of oligomers as early as 2012. At the same time, it also has subdivided products including NORYL PPO resin, ULTEM PEI resin, and LNP copolymer products and modified products. Base stations, various antennas, and millimeter wave radar solutions have always provided innovative solutions.

From 5G base stations to future space satellite antennas, higher requirements for materials are put forward. SABIC also provides a series of solutions. Zhu Jinghui, senior market development manager of SABIC’s special materials department, pointed out, what is the difference between the millimeter wave frequency band and Sub-6G? The millimeter wave frequency band has better signal transmission speed and delay performance, and the requirements for materials, especially the high requirements for dielectric properties, are reflected in the Dk and Df of the material, because the greater the Dk value, the smaller the product can be, and the greater the Df. The smaller the radio frequency loss.

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1. Temperature sensor: refers to a sensor that can sense temperature and convert it into a usable output signal. The temperature sensor is part of the temperature measuring instrument, and there are many varieties. According to the measurement method, it can be divided into two categories: contact type and non-contact type. According to the characteristics of sensor materials and electronic components, it can be divided into two types: thermal resistance and thermocouple.
Temperature sensor is a kind of sensor developed early and widely used. The market share of temperature sensors greatly exceeds that of other sensors. From the beginning of the 17th century, people began to use temperature for measurement. With the support of semiconductor technology, semiconductor thermocouple sensors, PN junction temperature sensors and integrated temperature sensors have been developed this century.
2. Pressure sensor: It is a commonly used sensor in industrial practice. It is widely used in various industrial automation environments, involving water conservancy and hydropower, railway transportation, intelligent buildings, production automation, aerospace, petrochemicals, oil wells, electric power, and ships. , Machine tools, pipelines and many other industries, the following briefly introduces some common sensor principles and their applications. Another medical pressure sensor.
Pressure sensors are mainly used in booster cylinders, superchargers, gas-liquid booster cylinders, gas-liquid boosters, presses, compressors, air-conditioning refrigeration equipment and other fields.
3. Liquid level sensor: It is a pressure sensor that measures liquid level. The static pressure input type liquid level transmitter (level gauge) is based on the principle that the measured liquid static pressure is proportional to the height of the liquid. The voltage is converted into an electric signal, and then after temperature compensation and linear correction, it is converted into a standard electric signal.
The liquid level sensor is suitable for liquid level measurement of various media in petrochemical, metallurgical, electric power, pharmaceutical, water supply and drainage, environmental protection and other systems and industries.
4. Capacitive level sensor: a variable medium capacitive sensor that uses the change of the measured medium surface to cause the capacitance to change. It has the characteristics of high reliability and easy installation. It can be widely used in metallurgy, mining, and other departments for material level control. It is a widely used level sensor.
Because the capacitance is continuously changing, the sensor can be used as a continuous level measurement, and can also be used as a crop level switch as an alarm or input signal for feeding and unloading equipment.
5. Ultrasonic sensor: It is a sensor developed by using the characteristics of ultrasound. Ultrasonic is a mechanical wave with a higher vibration frequency than sound waves. It is generated by the vibration of the transducer chip under the excitation of voltage. It has high frequency, short wavelength, small diffraction phenomenon, especially good directionality, and can be directed into rays. Dissemination and other characteristics. Ultrasonic waves have a great ability to penetrate liquids and solids, especially in solids that are opaque to sunlight. It can penetrate to a depth of tens of meters.
Ultrasonic sensing technology is applied in different aspects of production practice, and medical application is one of its main applications. Ultrasonic sensors can detect the status of the container. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to detect transparent objects, liquids, any dense materials with rough, smooth, and light surfaces, and irregular objects. Ultrasonic sensors can be used in food processing plants to realize a closed-loop control system for plastic packaging inspection. Ultrasonic sensors can be used to detect liquid level, detect transparent objects and materials, control tension and measure distance, mainly for packaging, bottle making, material handling, coal inspection equipment, plastic processing, and the automotive industry.

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MPLS is a protocol that uses labels to guide the high-speed forwarding of data messages on the IP backbone network. It was proposed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force, Internet Engineering Service Group). Compared with the traditional IP routing method, it provides a new network switching method, which maps the IP address to a short, fixed-length label with only local significance, and replaces the IP lookup table with label switching, thereby significantly improving forwarding efficiency .

In the mid-1990s, with the rapid development of IP networks, the amount of Internet data increased dramatically. Due to the limitations of the hardware technology at that time, the IP technology based on the longest matching algorithm must use software methods to find routes, and the forwarding performance was low. Therefore, the forwarding performance of IP became the bottleneck restricting the development of the network at that time. In this context, the IETF proposed the MPLS protocol. Its original purpose is to improve the forwarding rate of routing equipment in the IP network.

Compared with the traditional IP routing method, MPLS improves the forwarding rate in the following two ways:

The search for a huge IP routing table is transformed into a concise label switching, which significantly reduces the time for guiding message forwarding.

When a packet enters the MPLS area, it only needs to parse the IP packet header and encapsulate or decapsulate the label at the ingress and egress nodes located at the edge, and there is no need to parse the IP packet header on all nodes in the middle, and only perform label switching. This further saves the processing time of forwarding messages.

MPLS label forwarding is essentially a tunneling technology. It also supports encapsulation of multi-layer labels, and MPLS is naturally compatible with a variety of network layer and link layer protocols. Therefore, MPLS is very suitable for acting as a public network tunnel in various VPN services. In addition, because MPLS packet forwarding relies on a fixed label switching path, MPLS is a connection-oriented forwarding technology, which makes MPLS also widely used in the fields of Traffic Engineering (TE) and QoS.

What is MPLS network like

It mainly contains the following elements:

The network device that supports MPLS function is called LSR (Label Switching Router), which is the basic unit of MPLS network. The network area formed by a series of consecutive LSRs is called the MPLS domain.

The LSR in the MPLS domain is called the CoreLSR. If the neighboring nodes of an LSR are all running MPLS, the LSR is the Core LSR.

The LSR located at the edge of the MPLS domain and connected to other networks is called LER (Label Edge Router). If an LSR has one or more adjacent nodes that do not run MPLS, then the LSR is LER.

In an MPLS network, an LSP can be established between any two LERs to forward packets entering the MPLS domain, and there can be several Core LSRs in the middle. Therefore, the Ingress and Egress of an LSP are both LERs, and Transit is the Core LSR.

What is the value of MPLS

It has been widely used in the current IP network, and its main value is reflected in the following aspects:

MPLS is fully compatible with IP networks, which is equivalent to improving on the basis of IP networks, with low construction cost and easy promotion.

Its control plane and forwarding plane are separated. The control plane relies on IP routing to establish LSPs. MPLS can borrow the various flexibility and reliability mechanisms of IP routing; the forwarding plane transmits packets through LSPs, which is connection-oriented. , It can effectively implement traffic engineering and QoS.

MPLS is a technology that has nothing to do with the link layer protocol. It supports protocols such as frame relay, ATM, PPP, and SDH at the same time, ensuring the intercommunication of multiple networks with very good compatibility.

The MPLS network supports a hierarchical topology and is suitable for deployment in an IP backbone network.

The MPLS label stack can theoretically support unlimited nesting of labels, which fits the VPN service’s requirements for multi-layer encapsulation of public and private network labels. Therefore, it provides strong support for the vigorous development of VPN services.

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The recovery momentum is dazzling

Driven by factors such as accelerating vaccination, resumption of work and production, rising international commodity prices, and the recovery of major global economies, the recent recovery momentum in Latin America has been impressive. The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) predicts that the region’s economy will grow by 5.2% this year, and the economic growth of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and other countries is expected to exceed 5%.

According to data released by the National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina, thanks to the recovery of construction, industry, trade and other fields, Argentina’s economic activity in May increased by 13.6% year-on-year.

Affected by positive factors such as accelerating vaccination and rising international commodity prices, the Brazilian Ministry of Economy has recently raised its economic growth forecasts for this year and next to 5.3% and 2.51%, higher than the 3.5% and 2.5% predicted in May.

Mexico’s Deputy Finance Minister Gabriel Yorio recently stated that Mexico’s economy is expected to grow by 6% this year, an increase of 0.7 percentage points from the previous forecast. Official data show that Mexican merchandise exports in June were 42.6 billion U.S. dollars, a year-on-year increase of 29%.

According to Peru’s National Bureau of Statistics, Peru’s gross domestic product (GDP) will grow by 10% this year. Carlos Aquino, director of the Asian Studies Center of the National University of San Marcos in Peru, believes that the recovery of the Peruvian economy, which is based on mining, is better than expected, mainly due to the rise in copper prices in the international market and the recovery of the world’s major economies.

The Central Bank of Costa Rica recently raised its forecast for this year’s economic growth to 3.9%. The governor of the Colombian central bank, Rodrigo Cubero Breli, predicts that almost all industries in the country will experience a recovery.

Long-term challenges remain

Experts believe that it remains to be seen whether the rapid economic recovery momentum in Latin America will continue. It is still threatened by the epidemic in the short term, and faces challenges such as high debt, reduced foreign investment, and single economic structure in the long term.

With the relaxation of epidemic prevention and control in many countries, mutant strains spread rapidly in Latin America, and the number of newly confirmed cases in some countries has surged. As the young and middle-aged groups are the most affected in the new wave of epidemics, the economic development of the region in the future may be dragged down by labor shortages.

The epidemic has further pushed up debt levels in Latin America. Barsena, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, said that the public debt of the governments of Latin American countries has increased significantly. Between 2019 and 2020, the debt-to-GDP ratio has increased by about 10 percentage points.

In addition, the Latin American region’s attraction to foreign direct investment dropped sharply last year. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean predicts that this year’s investment growth in the entire region will be much lower than the global level.

The Economic Commission for Latin America also pointed out that affected by the epidemic, Latin America is currently facing a series of problems, such as a soaring unemployment rate and a sharp increase in poverty. The long-standing single problem of industrial structure has also worsened.

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Germany, a major European convention and exhibition country, is already restarting the exhibition.

The German Exhibition Industry Association (AUMA) website reported on June 24 that the German exhibition will restart from the end of June;

Arrange other exhibitions in Friedrichshafen, Hamburg, Munich and other places in early July;

As of the end of August, the German exhibition industry will host about 10 physical events, mainly regional exhibitions;

From September to the end of the year, 148 exhibitions are planned, of which 67 are important international or national exhibitions.

Offline exhibitions in Italy have also fully recovered. The Milan International Wedding Dress Fair in June has been successfully completed. There are 29 participants from Europe (including Germany, Greece, France, Spain, Switzerland and Portugal), the United States, Qatar and Asian markets. Buyers from countries and regions watched the exhibition, and the proportion of international visitors reached 16%.

Important exhibitions that will be held this year include the Milan International Furniture Fair on September 5; the Italian International Jewelry and Fashion Accessories Exhibition on September 18; and the Verona International Stone Fair on September 29; 10 Milan Metalworking World on October 4; Milan International Hotel Supplies Exhibition on October 22, etc.

The Milan International Exhibition Center, which was once converted into an Italian version of the “Vulcan Mountain” hospital, is now finally open to welcome guests.

The unblocking of the exhibition in France is divided into three steps:

The summit and corporate events will be partially loosened in mid-May. The maximum size of the event is 35% of the upper limit of the venue. The maximum number of people for indoor conventions and exhibitions is 800 people, and the maximum number of people for outdoor events is 1,000;

The second stage is June 9th. Under the condition of controlling the flow of people through health codes, the maximum number of people in cultural and sports venues and exhibitions will be increased to 5,000;

The third stage is June 30th. Under the premise of epidemic prevention and control conditions, and under the premise of controlling the flow of people through the health code, the restrictions on the number of indoor and outdoor activities will be lifted.

Not to mention the United Kingdom. The speed of unblocking is the fastest in Europe. Starting at 0:00 on July 19, the British government will cancel most of the epidemic prevention measures in England, including the need to wear masks; it will no longer limit the number of social gatherings; except Outside some specific places, it is no longer required to maintain a social distance of more than 1 meter; all business premises can be resumed; and it is no longer required to work from home.

U.S

Some large-scale exhibitions in the United States have already restarted in June. For example, Nevada, where the famous convention and exhibition city Las Vegas is located, has fully untied all exhibition activities in the region from June 1.

However, there are still many states in the United States that have not yet loosened conventions and exhibitions, and many venues are even being “requisitioned” as vaccine centers and even immigration shelters.

middle East

Dubai has actually reopened its borders to international tourists as early as July 7, 2020.

Dubai has hosted the Gulf Information Technology Exhibition (GITEX) in December last year and the Middle East (Gulf) Food Exhibition (Gulfood) in February this year.

In June, we have participated in the Arab International Medical Equipment Exhibition, the largest medical equipment exhibition in the Middle East, through our local partners. A total of 36 Chinese companies came to the exhibition through all difficulties.

Although the scale of the exhibition has shrunk, the Chinese companies participating in the exhibition basically stated that the professionalism of the audience has been greatly improved. After all, all those who came to the exhibition in this situation really wanted to do business. (Detailed on-site situation: under the epidemic situation, the on-site record of participating in Dubai with no difficulties!)

On September 12, Big 5, the largest and most influential construction industry event in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, will also return to the stage in Dubai. This is the only live event connecting the global construction industry in 2021. So far, more than 1,000 exhibitors from 45 countries have confirmed their participation.

In addition, Dubai will also host the 2020 Dubai World Expo on October 1st due to the epidemic. Tickets have been on sale on July 18th. The price of a single day ticket is 95 dirhams (approximately 170 yuan). In addition, there are multi-day (30 days) unlimited admission tickets and six-month unlimited admission pass to choose from. The Expo will last until March 31, 2022.

In order to make everyone feel at ease, the organizer will provide all exhibitors with free new crown vaccine, but it is not mandatory that visitors must have been vaccinated.

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